LINUX FOR BINGINERS

 1)WHAT IS LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM?

=>Linux is an open-source operating system that is widely known for its flexibility, security, and performance. Unlike proprietary operating systems, Linux is freely available for anyone to use, modify, and distribute. The core of Linux is the kernel, which manages the system's hardware resources and provides essential services for applications.

----------There are 8 types ------------

1)Open source=>The source code of Linux is freely available, allowing users to view, modify, and distribute it. This open nature encourages collaboration and innovation within the community.

2)Kernel=>The Linux kernel is the core component of the operating system. It manages hardware resources such as memory, CPU, and peripheral devices.

3)Distributions=>Linux comes in various distributions (distros) that bundle the kernel with additional software and tools. Popular distributions include Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, and CentOS.

4)Security=>Linux is known for its strong security features. It benefits from its open-source nature, which allows vulnerabilities to be identified and fixed quickly by the community.

5)Customization=>Users have the ability to customize Linux to a great extent, from the graphical user interface (GUI) to the underlying system components.

6)Multi-User and Multi-Tasking=>Linux supports multiple users and can handle many tasks simultaneously, making it suitable for both personal and enterprise environments.

7)Command Line Interference(CLI)=>While Linux has graphical interfaces, many tasks are performed using the command line, which provides powerful and flexible control over the system.

8)Community Support=>There is a large and active community of Linux users and developers who contribute to forums, documentation, and support resources.

Linux was Made on Aug-25-1991

There are different deferent versions of Linux OS

1)Ubuntu: Known for its ease of use and user-friendly interface. It’s a great choice for beginners and is widely used on desktops and servers.

2)Debian: Renowned for its stability and reliability. Debian is the base for many other distributions, including Ubuntu.

3)Fedora: Known for its cutting-edge features and technologies. It’s sponsored by Red Hat and often serves as a testing ground for new features.

4)CentOS: A community-driven distribution that aims to be binary-compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). It’s used for servers and enterprise environments.

5)Red Hat Enterprise Linux(RHEL): A commercial distribution aimed at enterprises, offering support and additional tools for business environments.

6)OpenSUSE: Known for its powerful administration tools and flexibility, making it suitable for both personal and professional use.

7)Arch Linux: A rolling release distribution known for its simplicity and customization options. It’s aimed at advanced users who prefer to build their system from the ground up.

8)Manjra: Based on Arch Linux, it provides a more user-friendly experience with pre-configured environments and easier installation.

9)Linux Mint: Built on Ubuntu, Linux Mint aims to provide a more traditional desktop experience with a focus on ease of use and stability.

10)Kali Linux: A distribution tailored for security professionals and ethical hackers, offering a wide range of tools for penetration testing and security auditing.

11)Zorin OS: Designed to be user-friendly and make transitioning from Windows easier. It is based on Ubuntu.

12)Elementary OS: Known for its aesthetic design and user-friendly interface, aiming to provide a visually appealing experience similar to macOS.

LINUX OF HISTORY 

1)BIRTHDATE: 25-August-1991

2)DEVELOPED BY- Linus Torvalds

3)DESIGNED FOR- Intel Based PC

4)Major Components- Kernel, Environment and file structure

5)Purpose- For Fun

6)Mascot for Linux- TUX(penguin)

LINUX ABBILITYS 

1) MULTIUSER CAPABILITY=>Linux allows multiple users to access and use the system simultaneously, with separate environments and permissions.

2)Multitasking=>Linux can execute multiple tasks and processes at the same time.

3)Portability=>Linux can run on various hardware platforms, including servers, desktops, and embedded systems.

4)Security=>Linux features robust security mechanisms to protect data and manage user permissions.

5)Live CD/USB=>Linux can be run from a CD or USB drive without installation, allowing for testing and troubleshooting.

6)GRAPHICAL USER INTERFERENCE=>Linux supports various visual interfaces for user interaction, such as GNOME or KDE.

7)APPLICATION SUPPORT=>Linux supports a wide range of software applications for different purposes.

8)FILE SYSTEM =>Linux uses various file systems to manage and organize data, such as ext4 and XFS.

9)OPEN SOURCE=>Linux is developed with publicly available source code that anyone can view, modify, and distribute.

LINUX VERTUAL BOX  INSTALATION 

Link click here 

1)click on  download sign only 

Download  5.8 GB file for get the Desktop 

2)  in this folder you will get Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS download that 

 ONE MORE installation if the virtual box is not recommended for you then download VM WARE VIRTUAL MACHINE 

                          LINK IS NOT AVALABLE

WELCOME TO LINUX VIRTUAL MACHINE IN WINDOWS

BASIC FILE SYSTEM FOR TERMINAL

1)/bin- Basics programs(ls, cd, mv, etc..)

2)/sbin-System  programs (fdisk, sysctl, mkfs etc..)

3)/etc- Configurations files

4)/temp- Temporary files

5)/Usr/bin- Applications(apt, nmap, etc..)

6)/Usr/share- Application support & data files

7)/home- personal directories of users(/home/wscubetemp

8)/root- Home directory of super user(Admin)

LINUX BASIC COMMANDS

1)help- Shows you basic commands and there use

2)Man-Shows you complete manual of that command or program

3)ls- list all the folders and files of a directory 

4)cd- Change directory(one folder to another)

5)PWD- print working directory( show where am I)

Output

1) ls is use to show the files 

2)cd is move to any folder( type cd then folder name and enter)

3)pwd is showing where am I

4)ls (then type the folder directory you have to see)

5)dir- same as ls 

6)mkdir-Creates an directory(folder)

7)cp-Copy a file or folder

8)mv- Move a file or folder

9)rm-Remove(delete file or folder)

10)sudo su- Grant root privileges

11)Cat- Shows content of a file

12)nano- Linux file editor

13) gedit- file editor software( use of editor)(gedit 'text name')

14)chmod-change directory permission

The Chmod permission allow with(chmod +drwxr)

       Chmod permission denied with(chmod -drwxr)

Definition:In Linux, the chmod command is used to change the permissions of files and directories. The output drwxr-xr-x represents the permissions of a directory or file in a long listing format. Here's a breakdown of what drwxr-xr-x means:

1)d: This indicates that it is a directory. For files, it would be a -.

2)rwx: These are the permissions for the owner of the file or directory. r stands for read, w stands for write, and x stands for execute.

3)r-x: These are the permissions for the group that owns the file or directory. r stands for read, - stands for no write permission, and x stands for execute.

4)r-x: These are the permissions for others (everyone else). r stands for read, - stands for no write permission, and x stands for execute.

drwxr-xr-x indicates a directory where the owner has full permissions (read, write, and execute), while the group and others have read and execute permissions only.

1)Directory:

2)rwx Owner permissions 

r-read-The owner can view the contents of the directory.

w-Write-The owner can create, delete, or modify files within the directory.

x-Execute-The owner can enter the directory and access files within it.

3)r-x Group permissions

r-read-Members of the group can view the contents of the directory.

- write -Members of the group cannot create, delete, or modify files within the directory.

x- Execute - Members of the group can enter the directory and access files within it

4) r-x Other (world) permissions

r-read-All other users can view the contents of the directory.

- write-All other users cannot create, delete, or modify files within the directory.

x-Exicute-All other users can enter the directory and access files within it.

1)./ Executes shell file

2)bash Executes shell programs

3) apt-get update - Update packages list =(URLs)

4)apt-get upgrade- Update and install softwares

4)apt-get- install gedit- install a particular software

5) Top: Showing Linux Processes

6)Kill: Terminate processes Manually

7)w: Who is logged on and what  they are doing 

8) Whoami- Displays the username of the current user

9)touch- create empty files

Top 10 TERMINAL SHORTCUTS 

1)Ctrl + C: Interrupt

        Stops the currently running command or process.

2)Ctrl + Z: Suspend

• Suspends the currently running process and puts it in the background.

3)Ctrl + D: Logout/Exit

• Logs out of the current shell session or closes the terminal if no other processes are running.

4)Ctrl + A: Move to Beginning of Line

• Moves the cursor to the beginning of the line.

5)Ctrl + E: Move to End of Line

• Moves the cursor to the end of the line.

6)Ctrl + U: Delete to Beginning of Line

• Deletes everything from the cursor position to the beginning of the line.

7)Ctrl + K: Delete to End of Line

• Deletes everything from the cursor position to the end of the line.

8)Ctrl + W: Delete Word

• Deletes the word before the cursor.

9)Up Arrow / Down Arrow: Command History

• Navigates through the command history. Up Arrow retrieves previous commands, and Down Arrow retrieves subsequent commands.

10)Tab: Auto-Complete

• Autocompletes file and directory names or command options. Press Tab twice to see possible completions.