Wires, Cables, Fuses and Batteries: Types and Information
Wires and Cables
1. Wires Wires are single conductors of electricity, typically made of copper or aluminum, and are used to transmit electrical power or signals. They are often insulated to prevent electrical shocks or short circuits.
Types of Wires:
- Solid Wire: A single, solid conductor of copper or aluminum. It's stiff and used for applications where the wire won't be moved frequently (e.g., household wiring).
- Stranded Wire: Made up of multiple small wires twisted together, it is more flexible and used in applications where the wire will be moved often (e.g., appliances, vehicles).
- Tinned Wire: Copper wire coated with a thin layer of tin. It offers corrosion resistance and is often used in marine environments.
- Magnet Wire: A type of solid wire coated with a thin layer of insulation, used to create electromagnets, transformers, and motors.
2. Cables Cables consist of two or more insulated wires bundled together in a protective outer sheath. Cables carry more complex electrical signals or higher electrical loads than single wires.
Types of Cables:
- Coaxial Cable: Consists of an inner conductor, insulating layer, metallic shield, and outer insulation. It is used for TV, internet, and other radio frequency transmissions.
- Twisted Pair Cable: Two insulated copper wires twisted together. It is commonly used in telecommunication and networking (e.g., Ethernet cables).
- Fiber Optic Cable: Made of glass or plastic fibers, it transmits data as light pulses. Fiber optic cables are used for long-distance communication and high-speed internet.
- Power Cables: Designed to transmit electrical power. Common types include:
- Non-Metallic (NM) Cable: Used in household wiring.
- Armored Cable (AC): Provides protection against mechanical damage, often used in industrial wiring.
- Underground Feeder (UF) Cable: Used for outdoor or direct underground burial.
- Ribbon Cable: Multiple insulated wires running parallel to each other, used in internal connections in computers and electronics.
Batteries
Batteries are devices that store energy in chemical form and convert it into electrical energy when needed. They come in various types depending on the materials used and the applications.
Types of Batteries:
1. Primary (Non-rechargeable) Batteries: Primary batteries are designed for single-use and cannot be recharged. Common types include:
- Alkaline Battery: Widely used in household items like remotes, flashlights, and toys. They have a long shelf life and provide a stable voltage.
- Zinc-Carbon Battery: These are inexpensive and used in low-drain devices such as clocks and remote controls.
- Lithium Battery (Non-rechargeable): Offers high energy density and is used in devices like watches, calculators, and cameras.
2. Secondary (Rechargeable) Batteries: These batteries can be recharged and used multiple times. Common types include:
- Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Battery: Lightweight, high energy density, and commonly used in smartphones, laptops, electric vehicles, and power tools. Li-ion batteries can be recharged many times and have no "memory effect."
- Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Battery: Durable and used in applications requiring long life, such as emergency lighting, cordless tools, and older rechargeable devices. However, they suffer from "memory effect" if not fully discharged before recharging.
- Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery: Similar to NiCd but with a higher energy capacity and less environmental impact. Used in cameras, electric toothbrushes, and toys.
- Lead-Acid Battery: These are large and heavy but offer reliable, high-power output. They are used in cars, trucks, and backup power systems (e.g., UPS devices).
3. Specialized Batteries:
- Solar Battery: Designed to store energy from solar panels. Often used in solar power systems to store energy for use when sunlight is unavailable.
- Zinc-Air Battery: Used in hearing aids and other small devices. These batteries draw oxygen from the air for chemical reactions, making them light and efficient.
- Flow Battery: Used for large-scale energy storage applications, such as storing renewable energy from wind or solar power.
Uses of Wires, Cables, and Batteries
- Wires: Found in almost every electrical system, from homes to industrial plants, wires transmit electrical power to appliances, lights, and other devices.
- Cables: Used for various communication systems (networking, telecommunication), power transmission, and electrical installations in buildings and vehicles.
- Batteries: Essential for portable electronics, electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and backup power systems.
Each wire, cable, and battery type has unique characteristics that make it suitable for specific uses, whether it’s providing power, enabling communication, or storing energy.
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Electrical Wiring: Difference between wires and cables, Parts of cable,
Types of cables, conductor sizes and current rating of cable, Types of wires,
conductor sizes and current rating of wires.
Electrical safety: Electrical safety measures, Earthing and its importance,
Types of earthing. Fuses: Types, Selection, Advantages, Disadvantages and
Applications, Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB), Difference between Fuse
and MCB, Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB), Lightning protection.
Batteries: Construction, Working principle, Applications, Charging and
discharging of Lithium ion and Lead acid batteries, Concept of depth of
discharging, Series Parallel Connection of batteries, battery selection,
Inverter, UPS.
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● Any conductor which is composed of a conducting material and is uniform
in diameter and circular in cross section is called a wire.
● Wire is one type of electrical conductor generally used to carry electricity.
● It allowing the current to flow from one end to another end.
● There are two types of wires
1) Solid wires and
2) Stranded wires
● Solid wire is a long length of single conductor while stranded wires
comprises of multiple thin stranded of conductor twisted together.
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CABLES
● A length of single insulated conductor or two or more such conductors
each provided with its own insulation which laid up together is called as
cable.
● They are designed to transmit power, data or signals more efficiently over
longer distances or in the complex system.
● It consist of multiple wires or conductors bundled together each
potentially having its own insulation layer and are often covered with with
an additional outer protective layer.
● It also include shielding to protect against electromagnetic interference
(EMI) or to contain signals.
Parts of the Cables:
A cable consists of the following three main parts,
● Conductors
● Insulation Covering
● Protective Covering
❖Metallic Sheath
❖Bedding
❖Armouring
❖Serving
Core(Conductor):
The Core is a conducting parts of a cable. This core may be one or more
than one depending upon the type of service. A three core cable is shown
in fig. The conductors are made of tinned copper or aluminum. The
thickness of the core depends upon the rating of current and voltage
rating.
Insulation:
Insulation of cable is a layer of insulating materials which is provided over
the conductor. The thickness of insulation depends upon the voltage to be
withstood by the cable. The insulation of cable must be strong enough to
because of leakage current will start giving electrical shocks and can cause
fire.
Metallic sheath:
A metallic sheath of lead or aluminum is provided over the insulation of
cable for protecting the cable from moisture, gases or other liquids (like)
acids or alkalis in the soil and atmosphere.
Bedding :
Bedding is a layer in between metallic sheath and armoring. It consists of
fibrous materials like jute or hessian tape. It protects the metallic sheath
against corrosion and from mechanical injury due to armoring.
Armoring:
Armoring is provided over the bedding which consists of one or two layers
of galvanized steel wire or steel tape. It protects the core from mechanical
injury which laying and during the handling.
Serving:
A layer of fibrous materials is provided over the armoring to protect the
armoring from atmospheric conditions. This layer is known as serving of
the cable.
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Types of Cables
The following cables are used for different types of wiring installation
1.Vulcanized Insulation Rubber (VIR) cable
2.Cab Tyre Sheathed (CTS) Cable
3.Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Cable
4.Lead Sheathed Cable
5.Weather Proof Cables
6.Tropodure Cable
7.Flexible Cable
Vulcanized Insulation Rubber (VIR) Cable: This cable is also known as
V.I.R. cable. In this cable tinned copper or aluminium conductors are used.
The conductor is insulated with vulcanized rubber. It is then covered with
cotton tape and finally finished with compounded braiding. This cable is
available in single core only. It is used in casing capping, conduits are
temporary light wirings.
Cab Tyre Sheathed (C.T.S.) Cable: This cable is also known as T.R.S. (tough
rubber sheathed) cable. The conductors are insulated with vulcanized
rubber insulation but the protective covering used on the cable is a sheath
of tough rubber compound. The cables are resistant to moisture and are
used at damp places. These cables are available in 1, 2, 3 and 2 core with
earth continuity conductors.
Polyvinyl Chloride (P.V.C.) Cable: The conductor of this cable is covered
with polyvinyl chloride insulation and serves both the purposes of
insulation covering and mechanical protective covering. It is a very hard
and tough synthetic chemical substance and resists the action of acid
alkali and atmospheric variations in temperature. Its use is restricted
where there is a possibility of the temperature being very high as it
softens (being thermoplastic) and at low temperatures where it becomes
brittle. This cable has now replaced the C.T.S. cable.
Lead Sheathed Cable: These cables are also insulated with vulcanized
rubber insulation. However, the protective covering employed on these
cables is the metallic lead sheathing.
These cables are manufactured in 1, 2, 3 and 2 core with earth continuity
conductors. As these cables are very costly, they are not used for house
wiring. However, they are used in open places for short-distance overhead
lines, service lines and also for indoor wiring in chemical plants.
Weather-proof Cable: The conductors of weather-proof cables are also
insulated with vulcanised rubber which is covered with empire tape to
make it non-absorptive of moisture. It is then again covered with a braiding
of cotton thread. To make the cable insulation more effective against the
atmospheric moisture, this braiding is dipped in a waterproof compound.
Tropodure Cable: Tropodure is the trademark for thermoplastic
compounds on a polyvinyl chloride basis. This insulation is harder than the
P.V.C. insulation. It is employed on conductors both as an insulation and as
a sheathing. These cables are suitable for lighting, power installation as
well as railway signalling. They can also be laid in water and used as
submarine cables or buried directly in the ground. They are also available
in aluminium and copper conductors of 1, 2, 3, 31/2 and 4 cores.
Flexible Cord: These flexible cords consists of two separately insulated
flexible stranded conductors of a thin copper conductor of 36 S.W.G. The
insulation used on these wires is also vulcanized rubber but the protective
covering used is either silk or cotton. These cords are used for domestic,
portable appliances, such as table fans, table lamps, electric irons,
heaters, refrigerators, etc. They must be durable and very flexible.
Flexibility is required because of the handling of portable equipment and
to prevent the wires from breaking.
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1) Effect of atmosphere: The insulation of cable should not be affected by
surrounding atmosphere condition for ex. a weather proof cable is used
for open places, a tropodure cable should be used for oil mills & lead
covered cable is used in chemical plants as acid fumes can destoy the
insulation of other cable.
2) Maximum Voltage of the Circuit: The grading of the cable should be
equal to the maximum working voltage of the circuit.
3)Full Load current: The current rating of the cable must be such that should
pass the rated current.
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Types of Wires
The wires used for general electrical purposes can be divided into the
following:
1.Rubber covered, taped, braided and compounded wire
2.Lead alloy sheathed
3.Tough rubber sheathed (Cab Tyre sheathed)
4.PVC Wire
5.Weather proof wires
6.Flexible wires
1) Rubber covered, taped, braided and compounded wire:
● It is also called as VIR wires.
● It consists of a tinned copper or aluminium conductor covered with a
layer of rubber insulation. (Tinning of conductor prevents sticking of
rubber to conductor.)
● Over this rubber insulation is put up a cotton protective braid which is
usually saturated with flame retarding and moisture-resistant compound.
● Finally it is finished with a wax for cleanliness and for helping the pulling
action of it into the conduits.
● it is suitable for low and medium voltage only.
2) Lead alloy sheathed wire:
● Such types are recommended where the climatic condition is not dry, but
has a little bit of the moisture.
● These wires provides little mechanical protection to the wires.
● The more stronger and mechanically strong wires are used for laying uder
the ground.
3) Tough rubber sheathed Wire:
● This type of wire is modification of VIR wire. It consist of ordinary rubber
coated conductors with an additional sheath of tough rubber.
● This layer provides better protection against moisture and wear and tear.
● These wires are generally available in single conductor, two conductor or
three conductors.
4) Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Wires:
● This is most commonly used wire for wiring purpose. Conductor is
insulated by poly vinyl chlorides.
● PVC has some properties such as Moisture proof, tough, durable and
chemically inert, but it softens at high temperatures therefore not
suitable for connection to heating appliances.
5) Weatherproof Wires:
● These types of wires are used outdoor i.e. providing a service connection
from overhead line to building etc.
● In this type of wire the conductor is not tinned and conductor is covered
with three braids of fibrous yam and saturated with water proof
compound.
6) Flexible Wires :-
● These wires consists of number of strands instead of a single conductor
(Strand is a very thin conductor)
● The conductor is insulated with P.V.C material.
● These wires are very useful for household portable appliances where
flexibility of wire is more important.
● Typical specifications
● 55/0.1mm (55 stands of 0.1mm diameter), maximum current, 6 A, used
for household purposes.
● The wires used for household appliances such as heaters, irons,
refrigerators, lamps etc must be durable and very flexible
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Earthing (Grounding) Information
Earthing, also known as grounding, is a critical safety process in electrical systems. It involves connecting parts of an electrical installation to the earth (ground) to protect people, equipment, and buildings from the dangers of electric shock, overloads, and short circuits. Earthing provides a path for electrical currents to safely dissipate into the ground in the event of a fault.
Purpose of Earthing
The primary purpose of earthing is to:
- Safety: Protect humans and animals from electrical shocks caused by faulty wiring, damaged insulation, or other issues.
- Equipment Protection: Prevent damage to electrical devices and systems by providing a safe path for fault currents.
- Stabilizing Voltage: Maintain stable voltage levels across the electrical system by ensuring that all conductive parts are at the same potential.
- Lightning Protection: Divert lightning strikes and prevent electrical surges from damaging buildings, electrical systems, and equipment.
Types of Earthing Systems
Plate Earthing
- Method: A conductive plate made of copper or galvanized iron is buried vertically in the ground. The plate is connected to the electrical system with a wire. This method is common in residential and commercial buildings.
- Applications: Used in homes, offices, and small-scale installations where moderate earthing is required.
Rod Earthing (Pipe Earthing)
- Method: A copper or galvanized steel rod (or pipe) is driven deep into the ground. The rod is connected to the electrical system via a wire, allowing excess electrical current to flow into the earth.
- Applications: Common in urban and rural areas where space is limited, and deep earthing is needed.
Strip or Wire Earthing
- Method: A metal strip (usually made of copper or galvanized iron) is buried horizontally in a trench. This strip is connected to the system's grounding conductors to ensure a broad surface area for earthing.
- Applications: Used in industrial and large installations where high earthing capacity is required.
Earthing through Water Mains
- Method: In some cases, earthing can be done using underground metallic water pipes. However, this method is now discouraged and considered unsafe because of corrosion and maintenance issues.
- Applications: Previously used in older residential and commercial buildings, but not recommended for modern systems.
Chemical Earthing
- Method: Special compounds are used around the earthing rod or plate to lower the soil resistivity. This helps improve earthing performance in areas with poor soil conductivity (like rocky or sandy terrain).
- Applications: Used in areas with dry or rocky soil conditions where traditional earthing systems would not perform well.
Grounding Electrode System (Foundation Earthing)
- Method: This is a more advanced system where a metal mesh or network of grounding electrodes is installed within the building foundation itself during construction.
- Applications: Used in large buildings, data centers, and high-power installations to ensure reliable and stable earthing.
Components of an Earthing System
- Earth Electrode: This is the part that comes in contact with the earth, such as a rod, plate, or wire. It ensures that the current can safely disperse into the ground.
- Earth Wire (Ground Wire): The conductive wire that connects the electrical installation to the earth electrode. Typically made of copper or aluminum, it provides the pathway for fault currents to flow to the ground.
- Earth Continuity Conductor: It connects the different metal components within an installation (such as appliances and metallic parts) to the earthing system.
- Earthing Pit: A pit dug into the ground to hold the earthing electrode, often filled with materials like charcoal and salt to enhance conductivity.
- Grounding Connectors: Devices that link the grounding wire with the earth electrode, ensuring a secure connection.
Importance of Earthing
Prevents Electric Shock: Earthing ensures that if there is a fault in an electrical system, the excess electricity is directed into the ground. This reduces the risk of electrical shocks when someone touches a conductive surface.
Protection from Equipment Damage: If a high voltage surge or lightning strike occurs, earthing provides a path for the excess current to safely dissipate into the ground, preventing damage to electrical appliances and devices.
Fault Current Protection: In case of a fault, earthing allows the current to flow through the earth wire, activating protective devices like circuit breakers or fuses. This will automatically shut down the system to prevent electrical fires or equipment failure.
Voltage Stabilization: By connecting the electrical system to the ground, earthing helps stabilize the voltage levels. This is especially important in complex electrical systems like industrial plants where voltage fluctuations can damage sensitive equipment.
Applications of Earthing
Homes and Buildings: Earthing is crucial in residential and commercial electrical systems. It ensures that exposed metal parts of appliances (e.g., washing machines, refrigerators) do not carry dangerous voltages.
Industries: In industrial setups, earthing is essential for protecting heavy machinery and equipment from electrical faults. Proper earthing ensures the safety of workers and reduces equipment downtime.
Power Stations: Power plants and substations use earthing to stabilize electrical systems and protect transformers, generators, and other critical equipment.
Telecommunications: Earthing systems in telecom installations protect equipment from lightning strikes and static electricity, ensuring reliable communication.
Lightning Protection Systems: Buildings with lightning rods use earthing to direct the energy from lightning safely into the ground, protecting the structure and people inside from fire or electrical damage.
Conclusion
Earthing is an essential part of any electrical installation, safeguarding both people and equipment. Whether it's for a small home or a large industrial plant, a properly installed and maintained earthing system can prevent electrical hazards, stabilize the system, and improve overall safety.
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Electric Shock
Electricity travels in closed circuits. Shock occurs when the body becomes a
part of an electric circuit. Electric shock can cause direct injuries. It can also
cause injuries of an indirect or secondary nature in which involuntary muscle
reaction from the electric shock can cause bruises, bone fractures, and even
death resulting from collisions or falls. Shock occurs when person in contact
with ground comes in contact with any of the following:
● Both wires of the electric circuit
● One wire of the energized circuit and the ground
● A metallic part that has become energized by being in contact with an
energized wire.
The severity of the shock ● The amount of current
received when a person ● The path of the current
through the body.
becomes a part of an electric ● The length of time the body
circuit is affected by three is in the circuit
primary factors:
flowing through the body.
Effects of Electric current in the body
1)Milliampere: perception level: just a faint tingle
2) 5 Milliampere: slight shock felt Average individual can let go, However, strong involuntary reactions to shocks in this range can lead to injuries.
3) 6-30 Milliamperes: Painful shock. Muscular control lost.
4)50-150 Milliamperes: Extreme pain, Respiratory arrest, severe muscular contractions.
individual cannot let go. Death is Possible.
5)1000-4,300 Milliamperes: Ventricular fibrillation. Muscular Contraction and nerve damage occur. Death is most likely.
5)10,000 Milliamperes: Cardiac arrest, severe burns, and probable death.
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FUSES
● A fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide
overcurrent/overload current protection of an electrical circuit.
● They are used to protect the electrical equipments/appliances from the
overcurrent or overload damage.
● If we don’t use fuses, electrical faults occur in the wiring and it burns the
wire and electric appliances and may starts fire at home..
● The connection of fuse is always in series with electrical circuit
● When too much current is produced due to flow of current in electrical
circuit, fuse gets soften and it opens the circuit.
● The extreme flow of current may directly burnt the wire and prevent the
supply.
● The fuse can be changed with new fuse or fuse wire can be changed.
● It can be designed with elements like Copper (Cu), Zinc (zn), Aluminium
(Al) and Silver (Ag).
● The material used for fuse must have low melting point and high specific
resistance.
Working Principle: The fuses work on the principle of the heating effect of the current. It’s made up of thin strip or strand of metallic wire with noncombustible material. This is connected between the ends of the terminals. Fuse is always connected in series with the electrical circuit.
When the excessive current or heat is generated due to heavy current flows in the circuit, the fuse melts down due to the low melting point of the element and it opens the circuit. The excessive flow may lead to the breakdown of wire and stops the flow of current. The fuse can be replaced or changed with the new one with suitable ratings.
Selection of Fuses:
The fuse wire depends on the following ratings:
1) Voltage Rating: The rated voltage of fuse should be equal to or more
than a) voltage of the circuit in single phase AC or two wire circuit
b) line voltage in case of three phase AC circuit
2) Frequency: A fuse link suitable for 50 may not have same rating for
other frequencies of DC circuits.
3) Current Rating: It is rms value of current which fuse can carry
continuously without deterioration and with temperature rise within
specified limit.
4) Minimum fusing current: The minimum current at which will met.
5) Fusing Factor: The ratio of minimum fusing current to the current rating
i.e. Fusing Factor = Minimum fusing current/current rating
The fusing factor is more than one.
6) Breaking Capacity: Highest prospective peak current under prescribed
conditions of voltage, power factor etc. which fuse is capable of breaking.
Rewireable Fuse: It is a simple and cheapest form of a fuse. The most commonly used fuse in house wiring and a small current circuits is semi enclosed or rewireable fuse. it is also known as kit kat type of fuse. It consists of a fuse base and a fuse carrier. The construction of fuse element in the fuse carrier uses tinned copper, lead or aluminum and porcelain for the base. The base has two terminals for incoming and outgoing supply. When a fault occurs, the fuse element blows out and interrupt the circuit. The blown-out fuse can be replaced by a new one. The main advantage of this type of fuse is, it is rewireable but the disadvantage is less reliable.
Cartridge Type Fuse (Totally Enclosed Type): Cartridge fuse consists of the heat-resisting ceramic body enclosed by a metal cap at both ends. The filling material such as chalk, plaster of Paris, quartz or marble dust surrounds the body space which acts as an arc quenching and cooling medium. Often, they are widely used in industries, agricultural areas and residential purposes such as fuse panels, air conditioning, pumps, and home appliances. These types of fuses are classified into
1)D-type fuse: It consists of an adapter ring, cartridge, base, and cap. The fuse base is connected to the fuse cap and the cartridge is kept inside the fuse cap through the adapter ring. The circuit gets completed when the tip of the cartridge makes contact with the conductor.
2)Link-type fuse: Link-type Fuse (HRC Fuse): Link-type cartridge fuses are also known as High Rupturing Capacity fuses (HRC). HRC fuse has a high breaking capacity. It has two metal ends on both sides. The Filling of the fuse with powdered pure quartz acts as an arc extinguishing agent. The fuse element uses silver or copper for its construction.
The fuse element carries the short circuit current for a long period of time. During this time, an uncertain fault will melt and open the circuit. The chemical reaction between a silver vapor and the filling powder forms a high resistance which helps in quenching the arc. The breaking capacity of the fuse is increased by using two or more silver wire in parallel. This type of fuse is very reliable.
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1)What is MCB?
● MCB full form is Miniature Circuit Breakers.
● MCB is an automatically operated electrical
switch. Miniature circuit breakers are intended to
prevent damage to an electrical circuit as a result
of excess current.
● They are designed to trip during an overload or
short circuit to protect against electrical faults
and equipment failure.
● MCBs are widely used as isolating components in
domestic, commercial, and industrial settings.
2)What is an ELCB?
● Full form of ELCB is Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers.
● It is a protection device that protects against earth
leakage.
● The main purpose of ELCBs is to avoid harm to human
beings as well as animals because of electric shock.
● An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device
used in electrical installations (both residential and
commercial) with high Earth impedance to prevent
electric shocks.
● It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures
of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a
dangerous voltage is detected.
Types of an ELCB?
1. Voltage Operated ELCB:
● ELCB is less Sensitive for fault condition & few nuisance
● when installation of electrical instrument has two contact to earth, a near
high current lightning attack will not root a voltage gradient the earth,
offering ELCB sense coil with sufficient voltage to source it to a trip.
2. Current Operated ELCB:
● This ELCB are generally known today as RCDs (residual Current Device).
● These also protect against earth leakage, through the details and method
of operation care different.
● When the term ELCB is used it usually means a voltage operated device.
Similar devices that current operated are called residual current device.
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Lightning Protection
● Lightning protection systems are used to prevent or lessen lightning
strike damage to buildings.
● They protect the internal electrical components of a building, helping
to prevent fires or electrocution.
● Lightning protection comes in the form of a lightning conductor,
usually a metal rod, mounted on a building to protect it from lightning
strikes.
● The system will intercept a strike so if lightning hits the building, the
lightning rod will be hit first, causing the strike to be conducted
through a wire, and passing through to the ground safely.
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BATTERIES
A battery is a storage device used for the storage of chemical energy which
later transforms into electrical energy .
Battery consists of group of two or more electrochemical cells are
connected together electrically in series. That can be used as a source of
electric current at constant voltage.
Battery acts as a portable source of electrical energy.
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1. Primary (Non-Rechargeable) Batteries
Zinc-Carbon Batteries: An inexpensive option for low-drain devices (e.g., flashlights, remote controls), but they have a shorter lifespan than alkaline batteries.
Silver Oxide Batteries: Commonly used in watches and small electronics due to their stable voltage and compact size.
2. Secondary (Rechargeable) Batteries
- Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries: Used in smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles. They have a high energy density and are lightweight, but they degrade over time.
- Lithium Polymer (LiPo) Batteries: Similar to Li-ion but lighter and with a flexible form factor, often used in drones and RC devices.
- Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Batteries: Once common in power tools and portable electronics, NiCd batteries are durable but suffer from the "memory effect," which reduces capacity if not fully discharged.
- Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Batteries: Used in rechargeable AA and AAA batteries. They offer more capacity than NiCd and don’t suffer from memory effect but have a shorter lifespan than Li-ion.
- Lead-Acid Batteries: Common in cars and backup power systems, lead-acid batteries are reliable and inexpensive but heavy and bulky.
- Flow Batteries: Typically used for large-scale energy storage, like in power grids. They offer long cycle life and can discharge energy over a long period.
3. Specialized Batteries:
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Offline UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) and Online UPS are both types of backup power systems that provide electricity to devices during power outages, but they differ in how they deliver and manage this backup power. Here's a breakdown of each:
Offline UPS:
Online UPS:
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